Common References

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Common References Guide

(updated 2/18/13)

 

The Peace Operations Policy Program requires that students use Chicago “author-date” style citing for research papers, proposals, final projects, and theses. This “Common References Guide” is based upon Turabian (1996) and displays a parenthetical reference (PR) and source (as it should appear in the reference list [RL]) for various materials typically encountered in your research. Formatting techniques and hints are also provided.

 

Books

 One author:

(Abercrombie 1977, 34).

Abercrombie, Clarence L. 1977. The military chaplain. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

(Assefa 1987, 99).

Assefa, Hizkias. 1987. Mediation of civil wars: Approaches and strategies—The Sudan conflict. Boulder: Westview Press.

 

Two authors:

(Berman and Sams 1998, 11).

Berman, Eric G., and Katie E. Sams. 1998. African peacekeepers: Partners or proxies? Clementsport: The Canadian Peacekeeping Press.

(Donia and Fine 1994, 7).

Donia, Robert J., and John V.A. Fine, Jr. 1994. Bosnia and Hercegovina: A tradition betrayed. New York: Columbia University Press.

 

Three authors:

(Corradi, Weiss, and Merino 1992, 44).

Corradi, Juan E., Patricia Weiss, and Manuel A. Merino. 1992. Fear at the edge: State terror and resistance in Latin America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

 

(Smith, Hack, and Barnes 1977, 199).

Smith, Gene, Lois Hack, and Lou Barnes. 1977. Sierra Leone: Diamond wars. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

 

Four or more authors:

(Maguire et al. 1996, 220).

Maguire, Robert, Edwige Balutansky, Jacques Fomerand, Larry Minear, William G. O’Neill, Thomas G. Weiss, and Sarah Zaidi. 1996. Haiti held hostage: International responses to the quest for nationhood, 1986-1996. Providence: Thomas J. Watson, Jr. Institute for International Studies.

 

(Remmert-Fontes et al. 2001, 34).

Remmert-Fontes, Inge, Marion Miketta, Regine Kopplow, Helge Rieper, Annette Wulf, and Ulrich Alff. 2001. Review of the GTZ Reintegration Programme in war-affected rural communities in Sierra Leone. Berlin: SLE Center for Advanced Training in Rural Development.

 

 Chapter written by one author in a book edited by one editor:

(Embree 2003, 37).

Embree, Ainslie. 2003. Kashmir: Has religion a role in making peace? In Faith-based diplomacy: Trumping realpolitik, ed. Douglas Johnston, 33-75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 

Chapter written by two authors in a book edited by one editor:

(Kingma and Pauwels 2000, 17).

Kingma, Kees, and Natalie Pauwels. 2000. Introduction: Demobilization and reintegration in the “downsizing decade.” In War force to work force: Global perspectives on demobilization and reintegration, ed. Natalie Pauwels, 9-19. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.

 

Chapter written by three authors in a book edited by one editor:

(Colletta, Kostner, and Wiederhofer 2004, 175).

Colletta, Nat J., Markus Kostner, and Ingo Wiederhofer. 2004. Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration: Lessons and liabilities in reconstruction. In When states fail: Causes and consequences, ed. Robert I. Rotberg, 170-181. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

 

Chapter written by four authors in a book edited by one editor:

(Baptista et al. 2000, 209).

Baptista Lundin, Irae, Martinho Chachiua, Antonio Gaspar, Habiba Guebuza, and Guilherme Mbilana. 2000. Reducing costs through an expensive exercise: The impact of demobilization in Mozambique. In Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The development and security impacts, ed. Kees Kingma, 173-212. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

 

Chapter written by one author in a book edited by two editors:

(Adebajo 2004, 173).

Adebajo, Adekeye. 2004. West Africa’s tragic twins: Building peace in Liberia and Sierra Leone. In Building sustainable peace, ed. Tom Keating and W. Andy Knight, 167-188. Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press.

 

Chapter written by one author in a book edited by three editors:

(Spear 2002, 154).

Spear, Joanna. 2002. Disarmament and demobilization. In Ending civil wars: The implementation of peace agreements, ed. Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens, 141-182. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

 

Chapter written by one author in a book edited by four or more editors:

(Thusi 2003, 33).

Thusi, Thokozani. 2003. Disarmament and demobilization. In Sierra Leone: Building the road to recovery, ed. Mark Malan, Sarah Meek, Thokozani Thusi, Jeremy Ginifer, and Patrick Coker, 23-38. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.

 

Dissertations or Theses:

(Chase 1981, 19).

Chase, Eugene C. 1981. The confessional Lutheran pastor and the military chaplain: Can one be both simultaneously? M.Div. thesis. Concordia Theological Seminary.

 

(Park 1978, 26).

Park, Richard Louis. 1978. A program to clarify chaplain role expectations. D.Min. diss. Southern Baptist Theological Seminary.

 

Book is other than 1st edition:

(Miles and Huberman 1994, 39).

Miles, Matthew B., and A. Michael Huberman. 1994. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 2d ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

 

(Haas 1999, 80).

Haas, Richard N. 1999. Intervention: The use of American military force in the post-Cold War world, rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.

Journal Articles

 Hint: Students usually pull and photocopy journal articles from library stacks or download them from the GMU Libraries Databases (Academic Search Complete, ArticleFirst, or JSTOR are recommended). If from the stacks, you will always be able to see the page number for the article and must display this—as you do for books—in your parenthetical reference. If downloaded, several things should be considered:

 1) If it is a .pdf, you should see an exact duplication of the journal article—including page numbers—and treat it as if you pulled/photocopied the article from the stacks.

 2) If it is an .html, you will see pages of text. When printed out, your printer will assign page numbers—however this is NOT to be used in your parenthetical reference. You must instead count paragraph numbers to the one containing your quote and include it in your parenthetical reference. Example: (Blume 2005, par. 15).

 3) Whether .pdf or .html, certain components are typically listed: volume, issue/number, and season/month(s). You are obligated to place them in your source in the reference list.

 4) The .html journal articles tend to list journal information like this: The Middle East Journal, Summer 2005 v59 i3 p512(2). This will need to be “translated” into Chicago for your source in the reference list:

The Middle East Institute. 2005. The future of Kurdistan in Iraq. The Middle East Journal 59, no. 3 (Summer) : 512-514.

 5) If you have used paragraph numbers in your parenthetical reference because it is an .html, you still need inclusive page numbers at the end of your source in the reference list.

 6) At NO time should you list URL information for .pdf or .html journal articles downloaded from the GMU Libraries Databases. Example: http://mutex.gmu.edu:2293/itw/infomark/891/998/68404410w1/purl=rc1_ ITOF_0_A134815857& dyn=3!xrn_1_0_A134815857?sw_aep=viva_gmu.

 

 Journal (if season only thing provided):

(McCoy 1995, par. 33).

McCoy, William C. 1995. Unit ministry in “operations other than war.” The Army Chaplaincy: Professional Bulletin of the Unit Ministry Team (Spring) : 14-16.

 

Journal (if month only thing provided):

(Rubinstein 2003, 31).

Rubinstein, Robert A. 2003. In practice: Cross-cultural considerations in peace operations. Negotiation Journal (January) : 29-49.

 

Journal (if volume only thing provided—remember to delete the word volume/vol):

(Steinberg 2001, par. 13).

Steinberg, Gerald M. 2001. Interpretations of Jewish traditions on democracy, land, and peace. Journal of Church and State 43 : 93-103.

 

Journal (volume and issue/number is provided—remember to “translate” issue [is] to number [no.]):

(Diehl, Druckman, and Wall 1998, 43).

Diehl, Paul F., Daniel Druckman, and James Wall. 1998. International peacekeeping and conflict resolution: A taxonomic analysis with implications. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, no. 1 : 33-55.

 

 Journal (volume, issue/number, and season provided):

(The Middle East Institute 2005, par. 4).

The Middle East Institute. 2005. The future of Kurdistan in Iraq. The Middle East Journal 59, no. 3 (Summer) : 512-514.

 

 Journal (volume, issue/number, and month provided):

(Shakely 2005, 121).

Shakely, Farhad. 2005. The Naqshbandi shaikhs of Hawraman and the heritage of Khalidiyya-Mujaddidiyya in Kurdistan. International Journal of Kurdish Studies 19, no. 1 (January) : 119-146.

Internet Articles

 Hint: After exhausting GMU Libraries Databases searching for peer-reviewed journal articles, students may search the Internet. Once again, you will find .pdf and .html items.

 1) Treat numbers in your parenthetical reference as noted in the prior section.

 2) If the document appears to be a journal article, list all components provided (volume, number, month/season, and inclusive page numbers).

 3) If the document is a .pdf report, just italicize the title—no publication information is required.

 4) If the document is an .html report, just italicize title—no publication information required (or usually given).

 5) The URL and date you accessed the website must be listed in your source for the reference list.

 

Internet source (.pdf)—looks like a journal article:

(Jongerden 2001, 82).

Jongerden, Joost. 2001. Resettlement and reconstruction of identity: The case of the Kurds in Turkey. The Global Review of Ethnopolitics 1, no. 1 : 80-86. http://www.ethnopolitics.org/archive/volume _I/issue_1/jongerden.pdf (accessed October 11, 2005).

 

Internet source (.html)—looks like a journal article:

(Bentley 1996, par. 17).

Bentley, David. 1996. Operation Uphold Democracy: Military support for democracy in Haiti. National Defense University Strategic Forum 78 (June). http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/forum78.html (accessed January 2, 2003).

 

(Kay and Last 1999, par. 13).

Kay, Emma, and David Last. 1999. The spiritual dimension of peacekeeping: A dual role for the chaplaincy? Peace Research 31, no. 1 (February). http://www.mts.net/~mbreault /p/articles/kaylast.htm (accessed August 25, 2003).

 

Internet source (.pdf)—looks like a report:

(The World Bank, Poverty Reduction Group and Social Development Department 2003, 44).

The World Bank, Poverty Reduction Group and Social Development Department. 2003. A user’s guide to poverty and social impact analysis. http://povlibrary.worldbank.org/files/12685_PSIA_Users_Guide_-_Complete_-_High_resolution_-_English_-_May_2003.pdf (accessed October 11, 2005).

 

(Federation of American Scientists 1999, 2).

Federation of American Scientists. 1999. Armed forces. http://www.fas.org/asmp/profiles/wmeat/WMEAT99-00/03-hl-ArmedForces.pdf (accessed October 11, 2005).

 

Internet source (.html)—looks like a report:

(Human Rights Watch 2003, par. 4).

Human Rights Watch. 2003. Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan. http://hrw.org/wr2k2/mena4.html (accessed October 11, 2005).

 

(Nelson 1985, par. 3).

Nelson, Harold D. 1985. Population growth and age and sex structure. http://www.globalsecurity.org/ military/library/report/1985/liberia _2_pop-growth-age.htm (accessed December 12, 2003).

 

 Internet source (.html)—looks like a news article with an author and media name—need date:

(Hentoff 2002, par. 1).

Hentoff, Nat. 2002. Donald Rumsfeld as big brother. The Washington Times, 16 December. http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20021216-87154717.htm (accessed December 17, 2002).

 

Internet source (.html)—looks like a news article with media name and no author—need date:

(The Washington Post 2005, par. 1).

The Washington Post. 2005. The Kashmir earthquake, 12 October. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/11/AR2005101101727.html (accessed October 12, 2005).

 

Hint: Italicized media information moves to the author spot.

 

 Newspaper Article

 Hint: This section refers to those that you photocopied from the newspaper itself—not from Internet sources.

 

 Author is noted:

(Pomfret 2005, par. 2).

Pomfret, John. 2005. FEMA restricts evacuee data, citing privacy: Families and police protest. The Washington Post, 12 October.

 

 No author is noted:

(The Washington Post 2003, par. 5).

The Washington Post. 2003. Skiing popular at Colorado resort, 10 December.

 

Hint: Italicized media information moves to the author spot.

 

 United States Constitution

 The United States Constitution is cited by article or amendment, section, and, if relevant, clause. Abbreviations and Arabic numerals are used in referring to all parts of the document. It is unnecessary to list the Constitution in your reference list.

Article -> art.

Amendment -> amend.

Section -> sec.

 

Legislative Publications

 (U.S. Congress, House 1959, 8).

U.S. Congress. House. 1959. A bill to require passenger-carrying motor vehicles purchased for use by the federal government to meet certain safety standards. 86th Cong., 1st sess. H.R. 1341.

 

(U.S. Congress, House 1976, 5).

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment. 1976. International proliferation of nuclear technology. Report prepared by Warren H. Donnelley and Barbara Rather. 94th Cong., 2d sess. Committee Print 15.

 

(U.S. Congress, Senate 1984, 7).

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. 1984. U.S. scholarship program for developing countries. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

 

Hearings

 (U.S. Congress, Senate 1985, 57).

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. 1985. Famine in Africa: Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 99th Cong., 1st sess., 17 January.

 

Presidential Documents

 (U.S. President 1984, 341).

U.S. President. 1984. Proclamation. Caribbean Basic Economic Recovery Act, Proclamation 5142, amending Proclamation 5133. Federal Register 49, no. 2 (4 January) : 341.

 

(U.S. President 1956, 222-223).

U.S. President. 1956. Public papers of the presidents of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, 1953-. Dwight D. Eisenhower.

 

Government Commissions

 (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 1983, 42).

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1983. Annual report of the Securities and Exchange Commission for the fiscal year. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

 

 Executive Department

 (U.S. Department of Labor 1984, 236).

U.S. Department of Labor. Employment Standards Administration. 1984. Resource book: Training for federal employee compensation specialists. Washington, D.C.

 

 Formatting Your Reference List

 More than one source by a particular author:

Fatton, Jr., Robert. 2002. Haiti’s predatory republic: The unending transition to democracy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

 

_______. 1997. The rise, fall, and resurrection of President Aristide. In Haiti renewed: Political and economic prospects, ed. Robert I. Rotberg, 136-153. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.

 

Hint: Order the sources chronologically from most to least recent.

 

 More than one source by a particular author and same year of publication:

Luttwak, Edward. 1994a. Franco-German reconciliation: The overlooked role of the Moral Re-Armament movement. In Religion, the missing dimension of statecraft, ed. Douglas Johnston and Cynthia Sampson, 37-57. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

_______. 1994b. The missing dimension. In Religion, the missing dimension of statecraft, ed. Douglas Johnston and Cynthia Sampson, 8-19. New York: Oxford University Press.

 

Hint: This is an important one to catch as it will affect your parenthetical references.

1) To decide which 1994 item shall be named first in your reference list go by alphabetical order of the information following year—so above “F” comes before “T.”

2) Assign “a” to the first 1994 and “b” to the second.

3) Go back to your parenthetical references and correct them by adding “a” or “b.”

 

Abbreviating author(s) name in parenthetical reference and corresponding source:

(BICC 1997, 34).

Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC). 1997. Conversion survey 1997: Global disarmament and disposal of surplus weapons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 

(Amnesty 2004, par. 3).

Amnesty International USA (Amnesty). 2004. Cote d’Ivoire: Government opponents are the target of systematic repression. http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/cote_d_ivoire/document .do?id=4176B3B9E83BA65E80256900006932D9 (accessed December 30, 2004).

 

 How to Format the Reference List:

 A. Honestly, the easiest way to format your List of Sources is to have a separate document for them throughout the time you write your paper. You can tack them on to your paper after it is completed. If you add sources in as you write, there is less of a chance you will forget one; plus it aids in properly citing if you have books/articles written by the same author(s).

 B. Let us say you have the following:

Bock, Joseph G. 2001. Sharpening conflict management: Religious leadership and the double-edged sword. Westport: Praeger Publishers.

Bolling, Landrum. 1987. Strengths and weaknesses of Track Two: A personal account. In Conflict resolution: Track Two diplomacy, ed. John W. McDonald, Jr. and Diane B. Bendamane, 53-64. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, U.S. Department of State.

 C. Block the entire section of writing—so from Bock to State.

D. Touch the little box on the bottom right of Paragraph in the Home tab.

E. Where it says Indentation, check to make sure your Left and Right read 0”.

F. Look at Special and use the down arrow toggle to select Hanging.

G. The By should automatically change to 0.5”.

H. Touch OK and your List of Sources should look like the following:

Bock, Joseph G. 2001. Sharpening conflict management: Religious leadership and the double-edged sword. Westport: Praeger Publishers.

Bolling, Landrum. 1987. Strengths and weaknesses of Track Two: A personal account. In Conflict resolution: Track Two diplomacy, ed. John W. McDonald, Jr. and Diane B. Bendamane, 53-64. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute, U.S. Department of State.

 

 Formatting Your Parenthetical References

 Normal style—end of sentence and including author’s last name:

The Inter-Faith Mediation Committee, a coalition of Christian and Muslim clerics, attempted to intervene early on in the conflict but the NPFL made it clear that civil war would only be avoided if Doe resigned and handed over power (Kieh 2003, 310-311). The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) sponsored talks in the summer of 1990, and sent a delegation to Liberia to speak with Doe and Taylor, but this was also unsuccessful. ECOWAS subsequently deployed a monitoring group (ECOMOG) on August 24, 1990, an action which was fervently opposed by Taylor; and fighting between the two groups ensued. In September, Doe was abducted and murdered by the INPFL when visiting ECOMOG headquarters (Vogt 1996, 167).

 Hint: Please do not include author information in main text unless you are detailing different authors’ points of view (next example). Simply present the information in the narrative and cite the author in the parenthetical reference.

 

Varying authors’ points of view:

Virginia Gamba (2003, 126) asserts gaining authority is one of the most crucial elements to allow for a successful program in a peace operation, and must be established at the onset through provision of very clear guidelines as to the force’s role vis-à-vis the population, as well as the warring parties themselves (see also Kingma 2002, 190). When the UN fails to establish authority over and above that of the parties to a dispute, it reduces its chances of promoting peace; makes any disarmament and demobilization component of the mission hostage to the whims of the belligerents; and seriously reduces the security of the population and the peacekeepers themselves. Kimberly Mahling Clark notes that virtually every demobilization has encountered delays of one kind or another, usually stemming from political hurdles (1996, 9). For instance, if the peace agreement contained a timeline, failure to comply with its terms has been used by factions to extract more compromises from the other side or from the international community.

 Hint: You must use the author’s full name the first time you mention them in the text. Note how you can insert the parenthetical reference—minus the author’s name—at the start or end of the sentence. If at the end, there is an assumption that what follows is NOT attributed to that author. Please do NOT start sentences with “According to Gamba” or “According to Clark,” be very direct with noun (author) + verb sentence construction.

 

 Multiple authors agree on a point:

In characterizing the typical ex-combatant, authors acknowledge while there are some who bring important skills to future national development including discipline, leadership, and technical knowledge, the majority are poor and semiliterate, with primary school education, limited skills, and weak social links to job and training opportunities (Refugee Policy Group 1994, 4; Colletta, Kostner, and Wiederhofer 2004, 171; Mahling Clark 1996, 2).

 

Use of Ibid.—different page number from previous parenthetical:

The number of people serving in the world’s armed forces in 1999 was 21.3 million, 26 percent less than in 1989 (Federation of American Scientists 1999, 5). While this drop was witnessed primarily in the developing world in the first half of the decade, trends differed by region—for instance, Central Africa exhibited the fastest growth rate by swelling from two to 12.3 percent during 1995-99 (Ibid., 6-7). The decision to reduce forces may be based on specific military, political, and socio-economic factors:

 Multilateral, bilateral or national peace accord or disarmament agreement

 Defeat of one of the fighting parties

 Perceived improvement in the security situation

 Shortage of adequate funding

 Perceived economic and development impact of conversion

 Changing military technologies and/or strategies (BICC 1996, 153).

In many cases, downsizing complements other processes such as a government’s reduction of military expenditures in its budget, base closures, and the management and destruction of surplus weaponry. This report focuses on post-conflict demilitarization, assessing the effectiveness of programs in West Africa.

 

 Use of Ibid.—same page number as previous parenthetical:

On October 1, 2003, UN forces under the UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) assumed peacekeeping responsibilities from ECOWAS Mission in Liberia forces previously dispatched in the summer and began deploying throughout the country. UNMIL was tasked to assist in the development of cantonment sites, prepare an action plan for overall implementation of the program, and carry out voluntary disarmament of armed groups (UNSC 2003b, par. 21). A task force of key stakeholders—UNMIL, UNDP, UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), World Health Organization (WHO), World Food Programme (WFP), UN Development Fund for Women, US Agency for International Development (USAID), World Bank, and the NGO World Vision—drafted a plan by October 19 targeting 40,000 beneficiaries. The program was to begin December 7, 2003 with 1,000 combatants from each of the three groups, divided into smaller groups of 250, entering force-specific cantonment centers to hand over weapons, receive a basic orientation, and be interviewed for reintegration (Ibid., par. 23). The weapons were to be destroyed on site. Just prior to discharge, each ex-combatant would receive cash for resettlement, transportation to resettlement areas where they would be placed in interim reintegration projects for three months, receive a second stipend upon their completion, and await commencement of long-term reintegration efforts (Ibid.).

 

 How to Format Long Cites in Your Text

 PROBLEM: If after typing in your cited material you discover that the text encompasses MORE than four lines, you will need to single-space and double indent the material. See “Text Example”:

 A. Previously, your sentence might have read in double space and between quotation marks—The chaplain manual stated: “The motivation for humanitarian services is derived…who are in need” (Jorgensen 1963, 281 quoting US Air Force Chaplain Service 1954).

B. To amend this situation, first REMOVE the QUOTATION MARKS (leaving them in means you are double quoting—NOT necessary).

 C. Take your cursor and place it before the T of The and hit enter twice. You want to do this to separate the section from the double-spaced portion of your paper. The long citation requires single-spacing!

D. Block the entire paragraph.

 E. Touch the little box on the bottom right of Paragraph in the Home tab.

F. Look at Alignment and select Justified.

 G. Look at Indentation and make left and right 0.5”.

 H. Look at Line Spacing and use the arrow to select Single.

 I. Touch OK and your long quote should look like the one below.

 J. To finish: You will need to put a . after need – and then NO . after 1954)

Text Example:

The Air Force chaplaincy’s original six-point program included humanitarian services as its fifth element. “Chaplains were expected to lead the way in this matter, providing motivation through their preaching and teaching, but also personally assisting wherever feasible” (Scharlemann 1975, 140). Humanitarian services were viewed as an expression of religious life. The chaplain manual stated:

The motivation for humanitarian services is derived from the consideration that the serviceman must have opportunities to give formal and concerted expression to the principles of personal stewardship. He should be taught to feel the obligation of managing his life in such a way as to show that it is a legacy from God. As a consequence, he must share of his substance with those who are in need. (Jorgensen 1963, 281 quoting Smith 1954)

In Germany during the late 1940s, US Air Force in Europe Staff Chaplain Charles Marteney reported his office was promoting assistance to needy Germans.